Csóka, György (2003): Levélaknák és levélaknázók - Leaf mines and leaf miners. Hungarian Forest Research Institute. Erdészeti Turományos Intézet, Agroinform Kiadó, Budapest, 192 pp.
Leaf mining species can be found in several families within Diptera. The most species rich and most well know among them is Agromyzidae. Their mines are very diverse. Some species have narrow and long serpentine mines, others have blotch mines. The larval morphology is also variable. The larvae are regularly stumpy, but there are also long, slender caterpillar-like ones among them. Some species have well developed head capsule, others do not have it at all. They can pupate within the mine, on the leaf surface or in the soil. The faeces deposition on both sides of the serpentine mine found only among dipteran leaf miners. The faeces can sometimes be liquid, that is found only in Diptera, with exception of Phyllocnistis species (Lepidoptera).
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