Csóka, György (2003): Levélaknák és levélaknázók - Leaf mines and leaf miners. Hungarian Forest Research Institute. Erdészeti Turományos Intézet, Agroinform Kiadó, Budapest, 192 pp.
Hymenopteran lef miners belong to sawfly family (Tenthredinidae). Their mines are always blotch mines, either on upper or back side. The mines are rarely bilateral. Ovipositing females lay their eggs into the leaf tissues, therefore the eggs can not be seen on the leaf surface. In most cases the larvae pupate in the soil after leaving the mine. Sometimes they pupate in a cocoon within the mine. Sometimes cutting out leaf discs can be observed as it was mentioned for beetles.
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