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Importance - This species is one of the most important defoliators of loblolly and shortleaf pine in the south-central states. In heavily infested areas, trees may be completely defoliated in the spring before new shoots have developed. Periodic outbreaks over large areas cause substantial growth loss and reduced tree vigor, but mortality rarely occurs.
Identifying the Insect - Larvae are dull green in color, with black stripes along each side and often two lighter stripes below the heavy ones. They are about 1 inch (25 mm) in length, with brown heads. The adult female has a brown body with black markings and is about 2/5 inch (10 mm) long with a sawlike apparatus for depositing eggs.
Identifying the Injury - Newly hatched larvae feed in groups on the old growth. They consume the soft outer tissue of needles, leaving the remainder to turn reddish brown. Twigs with damaged and discolored needles can be easily seen, and are called "flags". Older larvae feed singly or in pairs and consume the entire needle, leaving short stubs on the branch.
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larvae feeding on needles and eggs on needles
Photo by W.H. Bennett, USDA Forest Service |
