![]() |
Thinning Practices in Southern Pines - With Pest Management Recommendations United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technical Bulletin 1703, December 1985. Literature Cited Abel, G.W. Ice damage heavy in slash pine planting. Forest Farmer 8(5):11; 1949. Alexander, S.A.; Skelly, J.M.; Webb, R.S. Effects of Heterobasidion annosum on radial growth in southern pine beetle-infested loblolly pine. Phytopathology 71:479-481; 1981. Anderson, R.L.; Mistretta, P.A. Management strategies for reducing losses caused by fusiform rust, annosus root rot, and littleleaf disease. Agric. Handb. 597. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1982. 30 p. Andrulot, E.R.; Blackwell, L.P.; Burns, P.Y. Effects of thinning on yield of loblolly pine in central Louisiana. Louisiana Tech. Bull. No. 6. Ruston, LA: Louisiana Tech University, Division of Research; 1972. 145 p. Arnold, L.E. Gross yields of rough wood products from a 25-year-old loblolly and shortleaf pine spacing study. Urbana, IL: Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Dixon Spring Agricultural Center 6:230-236; 1978. Balmer, W.E.; Utz, K.A.; Langdon, O.G. Financial returns from cultural work in natural loblolly pine stands. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 2(4):111-117; 1978. Balmer, W.E.; Williston, H.L. The need for precommercial thinning. For. Manage. Bull. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry; 1973. 6 p. Belanger, R.P. Silvicultural guidelines for reducing losses to the southern pine beetle. In: Thatcher, R.C.; Searcy, J.L.; Coster, J.E.; Hertel, G.D., eds. The southern pine beetle. Tech. Bull. No. 1631. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1980: 165-177 (Chap. 9). Belanger, R.P.; Brender, E.V. Influence of site index and thinning on the growth of planted loblolly pine. Res. Pap. No. 57. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council; 1968. 7 p. Bennett, F.A. Spacing and early growth of slash pine. Journal of Forestry 58:966-967; 1960. Bennett, F.A. Growth and yield of slash pine plantations. Res. Pap. SE-1. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1963. 23 p. Bennett, F.A. Thinning slash pine. In: Wahlenberg, W.G., ed. A guide to loblolly and slash pine plantation management in southeastern USA. Rep. No. 14. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council; 1965: 111-118. Bennett, F.A. Spacing and slash pine quality timber production. Res. Pap. SE-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1969. 9 p. Bennett, F.A. The role of thinning and some other problems in management of slash pine plantations. Res. Pap. SE-86. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1971. 14p. Bennett, W.H. Timber management and southern pine beetle research. Forest Farmer 27(9): 12-13; 1968. Bennett, W.H. Silvicultural techniques will help control bark beetles. In: Proceedings, 1971 southern regional technical conference; Jacksonville, FL. Washington DC: Society of American Foresters; 1971: 289-295. Bennett, W.H.; Ostmark, H.E. The truth about tessie terebrans. Occas. Pap. 174. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1959. 16 p. Benzie, J.W. Small tractors, ground skidding reduce tree damage in selection harvest. Timberman 60(11): 42-43, 54; 1959. Blair, R.M. Deer forage in a loblolly pine plantation. Journal of Wildlife Management 31:432-437; 1967. Blair, R.M. Timber stand density influences food and cover. In: Symposium Proceedings, white-tailed deer in the southern forest habitat; 1969 March 25-26; Nacogdoches, TX. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1969: 74-76. Blanche, C.A. Southern pine beetle: the host dimension. Bull. 917. Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station; 1983. 29 p. Boggess, W.R.; McMillan, F.W. Growth and yield from a second row-thinning in an 18-year-old shortleaf pine plantation in southern Illinois. For. Note No. 62, Urbana, IL: Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station; 1955. 4p. Bower, D.R. Precommercial thinnings accelerate growth of loblolly pine. Journal of Forestry 63:210; 1965. Box, B.H.; Linnartz, N.E.; Applequist, M.B. Comparative growth and volume of loblolly pine planted at variable spacings. LSU For. Note 60. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University; 1964. 2 p. Boyce, J.S. Forest Pathology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1948. 550 p. Bradford, B.; Alexander, S.A.; Skelly, J.M. Determination of growth loss incited by Heterobasidium annosus in thinned loblolly pine plantations in Virginia. Proceedings of the American Phytopathology Society 4:120; 1978. Brender, E.V. Thinning loblolly pine. In: Wahlenberg, W.G., ed. A guide to loblolly and slash pine plantation management in southeastern USA. Rep. No. 14. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council; 1965: 99-110. Brender, E.V.; McNab, W.H. Precommercial thinning of loblolly pine by fertilization. Res. Pap. 90. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council; 1978. 8 p. Brender, E.V.; Romancier, R.M. Glaze damage to loblolly and slash pine. In: Wahlenberg, W.G., ed. A guide to loblolly and slash pine management in southeastern USA. Rep. No. 14. Macon, GA: Forestry Research Council; 1965: 156-159. Bull, H. Pointers on thinning southern pines. Southern Lumberman 181(2273):259-260; 1950. Burton, J.D. Sawtimber by prescription – The sudden sawlog story through age 33. Res.Pap. SO-179. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1982. 9 p. Campbell, W.A. Reducing losses from diseases in pine plantations. In: Wahlenberg, W.G., ed. A guide to loblolly and slash pine plantation management in southeastern USA. Rep. No. 14. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council; 1965: 146-155. Collicott, L.V.; Strickland, J.R. Row-thinning. For. Productivity and Res. Tech. Note 25. Bainbridge, GA: International Paper Company, Southlands Experimental Forest; 1967. 7 p. Cooperi, R.W. Precommercial thinnings of pine bring earlier cash returns. Southern Lumberman 191(2386): 32, 1955. Crow, A.B. Why thin pine stands? Forest Farmer 23(2):8, 15-16; 1963. Debrunner, L.E.; Watson, W.J. Precommercial thinning of loblolly pine stands. Alabama Highlights of Agricultural Research 17(4): 6; 1971. Dickerson, B.P. Soil compaction after tree length skidding in northern Mississippi. Soil Science Society of America Journal 40:965-966; 1976. Enghardt, H.G. Early thinnings – by individual trees or by rows. In: Proceedings, symposium on planted southern pines. 1968 October 22-23; Cordele, GA. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry; 1968: 84-91. Enghardt, H.G.; Mann, W.F., Jr. Ten-year growth of planted slash pine after early thinnings. Res. Pap. SO-82. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1972. 11 p. Farrar, R.M., Jr. Thinning longleaf pine on average sites. Journal of Forestry 66(12);906-908; 1968. Feduccia, D.P.; Dell, T.R.; Mann, W.F., Jr.; Campbell, T.E.; Palmer, B.H. Yields of unthinned loblolly pine plantations on cutover sites in the West Gulf Region. Res. Pap. SO-148. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1979. 88 p. Feduccia, D.P.; Mann, W.F., Jr. Black turpentine beetle infestations after thinning in loblolly pine plantations. Res. Note SO-206. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1975. 3 p. Feduccia, D.P.; Mann, W.F., Jr. Growth following initial thinning of loblolly pine planted on a cutover site at five spacings. Res. Pap. SO-120. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1976. 8 p. Feduccia, D.P.; Mosier, J. The Woodworth spacing and thinning study – an obituary. Forests and People 27(1):18-21; 1977. Fender, D.E. Short rotation – up to 30 years. In: Proceedings, symposium on planted pines. 1968 October 22-23; Cordele, GA. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry; 1968: 11-22. Foil, R.R.; Ralston, C.W. The establishment and growth of loblolly pine seedlings on compacted soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 31:565-568; 1967. Froelich, R.C.; Cowling, E.G.; Collicott, L.V.; Dell, T.R. Fomes annosus reduces height and diameter growth of planted slash pine. Forest Science 23(3):299-306; 1977. Froelich, R.C.; Dell, T.R.; Walkinshaw, C.H. Soil factors associated with Fomes annosus in the Gulf States. Forest Science 12(3):356-361; 1966. Froelich, R.C.; Hodges, C.S., Jr.; Sackett, S.S. Prescribed burning reduces severity of annosus root rot in the South. Forest Science 24(1):93-100; 1978. Gilmore, A.R.; Boggess, W.R. Growth and yield from row thinning in a shortleaf pine plantation in southern Illinois. For. Note 126. Urbana, IL: Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station; 1969. 3 p. Goebel, J.R.; Warner, J.R.; Van Lear, D.H. Periodic thinnings in loblolly pine stands: growth, yield, and economic analysis. For. Res. Ser. No. 28. Clemson. SC: Clemson University, Department of Forestry; 1974. 11 p. Grano, C.X. Precommercial thinning of loblolly pine. Journal of Forestry 67:825-827; 1969. Grano, C.X. Growth of planted loblolly pine after row and selective thinning. Res. Note SO-123. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1974. 3 p. Gruschow, G.F. Results of a precommercial thinning in slash pine. Southern Lumberman 179(2249):230-232; 1949. Guttenberg, S. Case for precommercial thinning. Forest Farmer 29:13-18; 1970. Halls, L.K. Effect of timber harvesting on wildlife, wildlife habitat, and recreation values. In: McMillin, C.W., ed. Symposium proceedings, complete tree utilization of southern pine. 1978 April; New Orleans. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society; 1978: 108-114. Halls, L.K.; Schuster, J.L. Tree herbage relations in pine-hardwood forests of Texas. Journal of Forestry 63:282-283; 1965. Hardie, I.W. Optimal management plans for loblolly pine plantations in the mid-Atlantic region. MP906. College Park, MD: Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station; 1977. 107 p. Harms, W.R.; Collins, A.B., III Spacing and 12-year growth of slash pine. Journal of Forestry 63:909-912; 1965. Hatchell, G.E. Site preparation and fertilizer increase pine growth on soils compacted in logging. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 5(2): 79-83; 1981. Hatchell, G.E.; Ralston, C.W. Natural recovery of surface soils disturbed in logging. Tree Planters' Notes 22(2):5-9; 1971. Hatchell, G.E.; Ralston, C.W.; Foil, R.R. Soil disturbances in logging. Journal of Forestry 68:772-775; 1970. Hedden, R.L. Evaluation of loblolly pine thinning regimes for reduction of losses from southern pine beetle attack. In: Jones, E.P. Jr., ed. Proceedings, second biennial southern silvicultural research conference. 1982 November 4-5; Atlanta, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-24. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1983: 171-181. Hicks, R.R., Jr.; Coster, J.E.; Watterston, K.G. Reducing southern pine beetle risks through proper management planning. Forest Farmer 38:6-7, 18:1979. Hicks, R.R., Jr.; Howard, J.E.; Coster, J.E.; Watterston, K.G. The role of tree vigor in susceptibility of loblolly pine to southern pine beetle. In: Hollis, C.A.; Squillace, A.E., eds. Proceedings, fifth North American forest biology workshop. Gainesville, Fl: University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation; 1978. 177-181. Hicks, R.R., Jr.; Howard, J.E.; Watterston, K.G.; Coster, J.E. Rating stand susceptibility to southern pine beetle in east Texas. Forest Ecology and Management 2:269-283; 1980. Hodges, C.S. Symptomatology and spread of Fomes annosus in southern pine plantations. Res. Pap. SE-114. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1974. 10 p. Hodges, J.D.; Lorio, P.L., Jr. Moisture stress and composition of xylem oleoresin in loblolly pine. Forest Science 21:283-290; 1975. Holley, L. Grow a crop of money trees. American Forester 85(10):18-19, 50, 52-54; 1979. Jackson, L.W.R. Growth of unthinned loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine plantings in Georgia. Res. Pap. 63. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Commission; 1970. 6 p. Jones, E.P., Jr. Precommercial thinning of naturally seeded slash pine increases volume and monetary returns. Res. Pap. SE-164. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1977. 12 p. Kellison, R.C.; Gingrich, S., eds. The loblolly pine ecosystem (east region). Proceedings, symposium; 1982 December 8-10; Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University; 1982. 335 p. King, T. Merchantable stem skidding and damage. Journal of Forestry 61:846-849; 1963. King, T.; Haines, S. Soil compaction absent in plantation thinning. Res. Note SO-251. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1979. 4 p. Ku, T.T.; Sweeney, J.M.; Shelburne, V.B. Site and stand conditions associated with southern pine beetle outbreaks in Arkansas – a hazard rating system. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 4:103-106; 1980. Kuhlman, E.G.; Hodges, C.S., Jr.; Froelich, R.C. Minimizing losses to Fomes annosus in the southern United States. Res. Pap. SE-151. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1976. 16 p. Lemon, P.C. Forest ecology of ice storms. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 88(2):21-29; 1961. Little, S.; Mohr, J.J. Five-year effects from row thinnings in loblolly pine plantations in eastern Maryland. Res.Pap. NE-12. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1963. 15 p. Lohrey, R.E. Precommercial thinning of direct-seeded loblolly pine. Res. Note SO-139. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1972. 4 p. Lohrey, R.E. Precommercial thinning increases diameter and height growth of slash pine. Res. Note SO-152. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1973. 4 p. Lohrey, R.E. Growth responses of loblolly pine to precommercial thinning. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 1(3):19-22; 1977. Lorio, P.L., Jr. Developing stand risk classes for the southern pine beetle. Res. Pap. SO-144. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1978. 9 p. Lorio, P.L., Jr. Loblolly pine stocking levels affect potential for southern pine beetle infestation. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 4:162-165; 1980. Mann, W.F., Jr. Response of loblolly pine to thinning. Journal of Forestry 50:443-446; 1952. Mann, W.F., Jr., Thirty-six years of thinning research with loblolly pine. In: Proceedings, Louisiana State University first annual forestry symposium; 1952 March. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press; 1952. p. 1-7. Mann, W.F., Jr.; Enghardt, H.G. Growth of planted slash pine under several thinning regimes. Res. Pap. SO-76. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1972. 10 p. Mann, W.F., Jr.; Lohrey, R.E. Precommercial thinning of southern pines. Journal of Forestry 72(9):557-560; 1974. Mason, R.R. Behavior of Ips populations after summer thinning in a loblolly pine plantation. Forest Science 15(4):390-398; 1969. McKellar, A.D. Ice damage to slash pine, longleaf pine, and loblolly pine plantations in the Piedmont section of Georgia. Journal of Forestry 40:795-797; 1942. McMinn, J.W. Precommercial thinning. Forest Farmer 24(12):10-11; 1965. Moehring, D.M. Forest soil improvement through cultivation. Journal of Forestry 68:328-331; 1970. Moehring, D.M.; Ralston, C.W. Diameter growth of loblolly pine related to available soil moisture and rate of soil moisture loss. Soil Science Society of America Journal 31:560-562; 1967. Moehing, D.M; Rawls, I.W. Detrimental effect of wet weather logging. Journal of Forestry 68(3):166-167; 1970. Morris, D.J. Basal area thinning guides for thinning in the South. Journal of Forestry 56(12):903-905; 1958. Muntz, H.H. Ice damage to pine plantations. Southern Lumberman 175(2201):142-144; 1947. Nebeker, T.E.; Hodges, J.D. Influence of forestry practices on host susceptibility to bark beetles. Zietschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 96(2):194-208; 1983. Nebeker, T.E.; Moehring, D.M.; Hodges, J.D.; Brown, M.W.; Blanche, C.A. Impact of thinning on host susceptibility. In: Jones, E.P., Jr., ed. Proceedings, second biennial southern silvicultural research conference; 1982 November 4-5; Atlanta, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-24. Asheville, NC; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1983: 376-381. Nelson, R.E.; Arnold, L.E. The effects of early thinning on a 38-year-old shortleaf pine plantation in southern Illinois. Urbana, IL: Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station; Dixon Spring Agricultural Center 4:179-180; 1976. Nelson, T.C. Ice damage high for spindly residual seedlings. Forest Farmer 10(11):6; 1951. Nelson, T.C. Loblolly pine growth as related to site, age, and stand density. Society of American Foresters Proceedings 1960: 12-14; 1961. Nelson, T.C.; Stanley, G.W. Hurricane damage related to thinning intensity on east Texas slash pine plantations. Journal of Forestry 57(1):39; 1959. Nonnemacher, R.M. Pine pulpwood harvest and feasibility study for Northwest Mississippi. Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service; 1982. 136 p. Parker, J. Selection thinning increases slash pine stand quality. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 3(4):169-172; 1979. Perry, T.D. Soil compaction and loblolly pine growth. Tree Planters' Notes 67:9; 1964. Peters, C.M. Area and growth impacts of logging damage in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas/Oklahoma. Regeneration-Soils Internal Study Rep. Hot Springs, AR: Weyerhaeuser CO.; 1977. 28 p. Pomeroy, K.B. The germination and establishment of loblolly pine under various soil surface conditions. Journal of Forestry 47:541-543; 1949. Powers, H.R., Jr.; Verrall, A.F. A closer look at Fomes annosus. Forest Farmer 21(13):8-9, 16-17; 1962. Prodan, M. Forest biometrics. New York: Pergamon Press: 1968. 345 p. Rogerson, T.L. Thinning increases throughfall in loblolly pine plantations. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 23:141-142; 1968. Schultz, R.P. Intensive culture of southern pines: maximum yields on short rotations. Iowa State Journal of Research 49(3): Pt.2; 1975. Shelton, M.G.; Switzer, G.L. The development of unthinned loblolly pine plantations at various spacings. In: Proceedings, symposium on thinning southern pine plantations; 1980 March 3-5. Long Beach, MS: Southern Forest Economics Workshop; 1980: 53-54. Shepard, R.K., Jr. The effect of various initial spacings on the development of loblolly pine. For. Res. Rep. Calhoun, LA: North Louisiana Hill Farm Experiment Station; 1973: 15-35. Shepard, R.K., Jr. Ice storm damage to loblolly pine in northern Louisiana. Journal of Forestry 73:420-423; 1975. Smith, L.F. Effects of spacing and site on the growth and yield of planted slash pine. Res. Note SO-63. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1967. 4 p. Uhland, R.E. Physical properties of soils as modified by crops and management. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 14:361-366; 1950. Ursic, S.J. Pine management influences the southern water resource. In:Symposium proceedings, management of young pines; 1974 October 22-24; Alexandria, LA. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Southern Forest Experiment Station, and Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1974: 42-48. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Thinning pine plantations in 1971 and after. Forest Manage. Bull. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry; 1971. 6 p. Wahlenberg, W.G. Management of longleaf pine forests. In: Longleaf pine. Washington, DC: Charles Lathrop Pack Forest Foundation; 1946: 243-265. Wahlenberg, W.G. Thinning. In: Loblolly pine. Durham, NC: Duke University, School of Forestry; 1960: 321-341. Wakeley, P.C. Planting the southern pines. Monog. No. 18. Washington, DC; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; 1954. 233 p. Wakeley, P.C. Single commercial thinnings in variously spaced slash and loblolly pine plantations. Res. Pap. SO-48. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; 1969. 12 p. Ware, L.M.; Stahelin, R. Growth of southern pine plantations at various spacings. Journal of Forestry 46:267-274; 1948. Wheeler, G.L.; Meade, F.M.; Russell, M.W. Growth of loblolly pine in the Arkansas Ozarks. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 6:215-217; 1982. Whipple, S.F. Early thinnings from pine plantations. Prog. Rep. Ser. No. 85. Auburn: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station; 1962. 3 p. Williston, H.L. Managing pines in the ice-storm belt. Journal of Forestry 72(9):580-582; 1974. Williston, H.L. Growth and yield to age 37 in north Mississippi loblolly plantations. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 3(30):127-130; 1979. |
![]() | ||||
![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
The Bugwood Network and Forestry Images Image Archive and Database Systems The University of Georgia - Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Dept. of Entomology Last updated on Friday, July 19, 2002 at 01:45 PM Questions and/or comments to the |